CONTENTS

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GENERAL PREFACE:ORIGINATING OUT OF PURE CURIOSITY

General introduction as to how this project came about and generally what pursuing such a project entailed ……..3

A PROJECT IN THREE PARTS

General introduction  to the subject of the ancient Veneti and their inscriptions in northern Italy, what this project addresses, and how this documentation of the project was structured in three parts – 1.THE PROJECT, 2. DECIPHERING 3. LEXICON AND GRAMMAR –

This is an important section for someone who knows nothing about the subject of the Veneti, their inscriptions, and their language……7

CONTENTS

This section ……21

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PART ONE:  THE PROJECT   … 41

What Can Be Interpreted Directly from the Archeological Objects Context?

Assembling the Body of Inscriptions and the Starting Methodology (Before Referring to other Languages)

PREFACE TO PART ONE ... 43

Deciphering Venetic in a Multilateral Approach that Draws Meaning Directly from the Context of the Writing 

CONTENTS TO PART ONE ....53

 

1.

  A NEW BEGINNING TO THE  STUDY OF THE VENETIC INSCRIPTIONS

Centuries of Unsatisfactory Results....... 59

1.1  Ancient Independent Cities .....(ancient accounts of wealthy Venetic cities in what is now northern Italy) .1.2  From “Non-Indo-European” to “Indo-European”........(Europe was originally Non-Indo-European, and some pre-Roman peoples would still have been Non-Indo-European, hence the possibility is solid that the Venetic language may have been Non-Indo-European like Etruscan)......1.3 The Linguistic Landscape of the Ancient East Mediterranean.......The Veneti belong to before the rise of the Romans, and therefore it is important to identify the languages before the Romans in the Italic Peninsula, such as Etruscans...   1.4 The Archeology and Interpretation of Venetic.....The development of discoveries of Venetic archeology in the last centuries and evolution of deciphering the inscriptions of writing and naive early approaches....1.5 A New Proper Approach: Direct and Grounded.....Approaching the inscriptions in better more proper ways that avoids a priori presumption of its linguistic affiliation

2.

THE PROJECT IS ASSEMBLED

The Task At Hand – What do we face? … 75

 

2.1 Ancient Phonetic Writing  and the Venetic Inscriptions…general introduction to the challenge of interpreting the Venetic inscriptions, and some issues...preliminary description of the writing….2.2 Letter Sounds Remain Constant; Dialect Changes…...It is more correct to assume that variations in the writing of the inscriptions is the result of variations in dialect and not in errors made by scribes, since Venetic does not appear to have been standardized in its written form  ……2.3 OEKA and The Teaching Bronze sheets of Baratela......the mystery of several bronze sheets having the letters o-e-k-a repeated on them followed by each letter of the Venetic alphabet How it resembles Estonian õige or Finnish oikea.....2.4 The Philosophy of this Study, and its Context Within the Realm of Venetic Studies....How this new approach is different from traditional academic approaches to the Veneti  2.5  The Evolution of the Project ... some notes on how this project came about....2.6  The First Step: Identifying the Source Inscriptions.....Assemble all the inscriptions to be found as deciphering needs to scan all the evidence at once, back and forth, and use only the complete sentences to avoid presumptiously imagining missing words...

.INVENTORY OF THE   INSCRIPTIONS ASSEMBLED FOR STUDY..90

2.7 The Inscriptions in Their Proper pre-Roman Context ...Venetic predated the Romans, and therefore some words that look Latin, may actually have been borrowed from Venetic as well as Etruscan.....2.8 The Venetic Dialect To Be Studied....Most of the inscriptions are found at the bottom of the amber route coming down the Adige and originating at the Jutland Peninsula, hence the inscriptions may show a dialect consistent with Jutland Peninsula origins

3.

METHODOLOGIES OF DECIPHERING ANOTHER LANGUAGE

Correct and Incorrect Past Approaches  … 119

 

3.1 WRONG vs RIGHT METHODOLOGIES…119

3.1.1 Introduction to the Problems of Past and Current Methodology....a review of poor and naive methodologies used in past attempts to decipher ancient writings

3.1.2  A.THE ‘HEARING THINGS’ METHOD – Too Subjective.....describing why assuming an unknown language is related to a particular known language without real evidence can still produce contrived results because it is possible to hear any language in any other if one listens hard enough.....3.1.3  B. HISTORICAL LINGUISTIC METHOD –Not Suitable for Initial Deciphering ... describes the fact that linguistics does not decipher an unknown language but needs a known language to be able to apply itself – other than identifying patterns that signify word or grammatical elements, and phonetics.....3.1.4  C. TRADITIONAL ARCHEOLOGICAL DECIPHERING-The Only Correct Method....describes how archeologists interpret truths from archeological data, which can include inferring meanings of words and symbols on objects and that the correct methodology must be rooted in first interpreting what the context suggests

3.2. THE METHODOLOGY USED IN THIS PROJECT … 138

3.2.1 Introduction..... Discussion of past deciphering of ancient unknown writing being successful when parallel texts have been found to give a handful of ‘starter’ words that can be used to leverage more words when introduced into texts without translations. How Venetic has lacked any such parallel text and that has been the problem. Can the ‘starter’ words be determined in other ways?......3.2.2 The Methodology Described in an Example........Demonstration of the methodology of this project, to search for the first solid ‘starter’ words from obvious context information to begin the process. The example with the illustration of common man handing a duck to a distinguished looking elder - pupone.i.    .e.go    rako.i.   .e.kupetaris..... 3.2.2 Looking Beyond into the Linguistic World .....A methodology rooted in interpreting context revealed by archeology and internal comparative analysis collects evidence like a detective, and it is valid to look elsewhere for additional evidence,which includes references to known languages, but direct evidence around the archeological objects must have priority,,,,,

3.3 EXAMPLES OF PROPOSING MEANINGS  FROM CONTEXT FROM SOME SIMPLE OBJECTS  … 149

3.3.1 INTRODUCTION: Reality instead of Fantasy... archeological data is real and interpreting meanings from context avoids the fantasy from ‘hearing things’...1.A  THE ILLUSTRATION ON THE MOUNTAIN:.pueia...1.B HANDLE ON CONTAINER – PIIS…..1.C A FIBULA – augar…..1.D A BOUNDARY MARKER - ituria makkno.s………1.E    A DESIGNED VASE  TEXT - voto   klutiiari.s.  vha.g.s.to ......SOME OTHERS IN BRIEF (studied further in Part Two......

3.3.2 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY OF DIRECTLY INFERRING MEANING FROM CONTEXT.....Summary of  the methodology of this project

4.

A TRULY PHONETIC WRITING  SYSTEM

Continuous Text with Pronunciation Marks … 165

4. 1 INTRODUCTION … 165

4.1.1 Understanding How The Language Sounded....THE BASIC VENETIC PHONETIC ALPHABET WITH ROMAN EQUIVALENTS .......4.1.2 Written Language vs Spoken Language….Spoken language is accompanied by intonations, facial expressions, gestures and is used in context and therefore does not have to be very precise, but when written language developed and language was removed from direct expression, it had to become more precise and the vocabulary increased and became more standardized…4.1.3 Raw Phonetic Writing and Word-Boundary Writing....True phonetic writing records every sound and can be read by anyone while writing that identifies word boundaries with dots or spaces requires the reader already have knowledge of the language....4.1.4  Raw Phonetic Writing .....This is writing that simply records the sounds if the spoken language and can be recreated by anyone who understands the symbols used for the recording.....4.1.5 Word-Boundary (Rationalized) Phonetic Writing......Writing that identifies word boundaries with spaces needs less description and punctuation since the reader already knows the words....

4. 2 PHONETIC WRITING USING DOTS  … 173

.Venetic writing is filled with dots between the letters and it has puzzled scholars for centuries, but I demonstrate that the dots are an all purpose phonetic punctuation mark generally marking all locations where a sound is palatalized or similarly altered by the tongue on the palette...

4. 3 CATEGORIZATION OF DOT USE IN VENETIC: FINAL RESULTS … 177

4.3.1  Introduction...Most often the dots are placed on both sides of the letter whose sound is palatalized ...4.3.2  The “I” with dots on both sides  -  .i. .... a J (=”Y”) sound results from putting dots on either side of the letter “I”.........4.3.3 Dots around the “E” -  .e.   ....Examples of words with initial .e. and the resulting sound ...4.3.4  Dots around Initial Vowels – In General ......4.3.4.1 Examples of Palatalization on Initial Vowels in Livonian and Estonian....4.3.5 Palatalization of Consonants......  4.3.6 Dots in Venetic Around Silent Consonants Representing a Stød?

4.4  ANCIENT PHONETIC CONNECTIONS? VENETIC AND DANISH … 187

4.4.1 Venetic at the South End of the Jutland Amber Route Implications on Danish....Archeology reveals the region of the Venetic inscriptions had intimate continuous trade connections with the Jutland Peninsula, esp in connection to the amber trade, and it follows that if Venetic originated from an ancient language at the Jutland Peninsula then that language would have been strongly palatalized. Accents transfer from original language to new, and this may explain why Danish is highly palatalized.....4.4.2  An Example – Written for Aestic Traders/Merchants?... This looks at an inscription found in the Piave Valley that recieved traders from the southeast Baltic amber source and how when spoken as written sound like a dialect of Estonian, suggesting that in the early Roman times, the less palatalized dialect of the east Baltic came down the Piave...

4.5 FURTHER  NOTES ABOUT PHONETICS … 193

4.5.1 Venetic Alphabet Sounds vs Roman ......There are some inscriptions written with the Roman alphabet, which reveal the sounds of the Venetic alphabet and show how word-boundary writing do not need the dots any longer (other than the Roman use of dots to mark word boundaries)....4.5.2 Implications of the Dot –Palatalization Markers on How Venetic is Transcribed to Roman Alphabet....I question some assumptions made, in particular the assumption that a Venetic character formed like an “M” was the “SH” sound.  I found that this character was a long “ISS” sound ($) and that the “SH” sound comes from the palatalized “S” (.s.).......4.5.3 Systematic Shifts Observed.....In the course of deciphering we came across a number of Estonian parallels that showed J or H sounds where the Venetic showed dots. Such systematic features tends to prove Venetic and Estonian have diverged from the same distant ancestral language.....4.5.4 How Venetic Sounded.......A summary of how the standard alphabet sounds were altered by the addition of dots....4.5.5 Conclusions: An Efficient Alternative Writing System .....Venetic writing did not deal with word boundaries but was able to describe the way it was spoken by the use of the dots wherever the tongue pushed towards the roof of the mouth. It was efficient because it managed to achieve pure phonetic recording by using only a single punctuation mark – the dot. The beauty of it is that because it was purely phonetic we have a very good idea of how it sounded.

 

 

 

 

 5.

THE FIRST STEPS IN THE DECIPHERING

The Natural, Investigative, Methodology Demonstrated …201

 

5.1 A METHODOLOGY THAT AVOIDS MAKING PRESUMPTIONS ABOUT LANGUAGE … 201

5.1.1  STEP 1: Breaking the Continuous Writing with Word Boundaries....Because Venetic was written continuously, the first step in deciphering is to identify the word boundaries (and also grammatical endings) which can be achieved with looking for repeated patterns across all the inscriptions in the project....

5.1.2  BEGINNING INTERPRETATION: What does the Context Suggest?.....The deciphering begins with studying the object onto which the writing has been inscribed and its context in the archeological site as determined by archeologists.This will give initial suggestions as to what the inscriptions probably say....5.1.3  Interpreting from Internal Cross-referencing (Triangulation)....Any proposed meaning for a word is tested in other sentences where that word appears. By comparing a hypothesis across the entire body of inscriptions in the project we can converge from back and forth trial and error to a meaning that works well everywhere....5.1.4  Pursuing Normalcy: Obeying the Science of Probability and Statistics.....How the laws of Probability and Statistics require that most of the interpretations must be normal and common so that if our result seems odd, strange, absurd for the context, it cannot be correct....

5.2 AN ACTUAL DEMONSTRATION … 211

5.2.1. STEP 1  Beginning the Analysis....This demonstration shows that the Venetic inscriptions deciphering could be started by beginning with the pedestals with the relief images since the texts have to be captions to the images, and how we went from there.....5.2.2 STEP 2  Determining From Context the Meaning of .e.kupetari.s.  A demonstration of the evidence and analysis of one of the words we needed to begin.....5.2.3  STEP 3  Deciphering  .e.go  on obelisques marking tombs ...The evidence and analysis for determining that .e.go means ‘let remain,continue’ and not the ‘I’forced  on the word traditionally....5.2.4  STEP 4:Deciphering a Full Sentence......The inscription pupone.i.  .e.go  rako.i.  .e.kupetaris captions a relief image showing a man handing a distinguished elder a duck and by inserting our interpretation of .e.go   and .e.cupetaris leaves only two images whose meaning is now obvious.....5.2.5  STEP 5: Grammatical Considerations.....comparisons with other inscriptions reveals what are grammatical endings and then we can determine from the context and resulting sentence what the grammatical endings mean. We do have to test our hypotheses wherever it appears before we make it final 5.2.6  STEP 6: Looking for Resonances in Known Languages and Other External Evidence. .....Finally since this is a detective approach geared to accumulate evidence, we can look beyond the inscriptions such as other known languages with which Venetic may have had contact to see if there are words in known languages that are remarkably similar to what we have arrived at. We discover that pupo- is universal, .e.go is Estonian-like, rako- seems to have survived in the substratum of Slovenian, and .e.kupetaris resonates with Estonian “jäägu pida reisi”  Other inscriptions reveal borrowings from Etruscan, Latin, and Germanic. Since all languages contain plenty of borrowing as well as genetically inherited content, a final exploration of other languages around Venetic can provide more good evidence.

5.3 SUMMARY  … 225

....This chapter is an essential chapter to be read before continuing because it demonstrates the methodology that is used in all the interpretations

 

6.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONTEXTS

Broad-based Surveying the Contexts and What They Reveal as Most Probable … 227

6.1   DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF OBJECTS … 227

6.1.1 Before Anything Else – Surveying the Contexts....The first step is to study the object and context where the inscription appears as it will at least reveal roughly what the inscription probably says and what would seem unlikely or even absurd...6.2.2  Secular Inscriptions versus Religious....Most inscriptions will have religious contexts simply because  serious writing was done on hard material and because when archeologists found a cemetary or sanctuary they found archeological material in concentration.As a result the inscriptions are heavy in religious sentiments.....6.2.3  Memorial Pedestals with Relief Images....A group of inscriptions done on pedestals where images of travel and the end tag .e.cupetari.s. occurs repeatedly....6.2.5 Inscriptions on Round Stones.....A group of inscriptions put on round river stones which archeologists found deposited at the bottom of tombs...6.2.6  Inscriptions on Urns Containing Cremations....These are inscriptions done on urns containing cremations and put in tombs which can be divided in two – those done in Venetic alphabet and those done in Roman alphabet – where only the Venetic alphabet inscriptions appear in typical traditional Venetic while the Latin alphabet inscriptions are increasingly Roman-like in nature and need to be treated separately.....6.2.7   Prayers to the Goddess  Rhea   .....found in a sanctuary where offerings were made to the goddess both on stylus sides and on thin bronze sheets on which the prayers were written.....6.2.8  The Lagole Inscriptions.... This refers to inscriptions found at a site high up on the Piave River dated to late in the Venetic period and into the early Roman period in a context that seems to suggest there was a spa or sauna facility there to serve merchants travelling the valley. Inscriptions are incresingly compromised and borow from Latin.....6.2.9  Miscellaneous Inscriptions from Other Places....A few inscriptions are from isolated finds many of which are not religious....6.2.10 SUMMARY: ARCHEOLOGICAL DETECTIVE WORK .....A reminder that the methodology is rooted in the nature of the object and objects in a particular category will all have similar sentiments even formulas and comparisons of inscriptions within a categoriy will provide insight

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PART TWO: DECIPHERINGS 

What Can Be Interpreted from Direct Analysis and Internal Comparative Analysis?

The Methodology in Action: Deciphering of the Inscriptions using all tools and data available, including remarkable coincidences with Finnic Estonian  ….. 243

PREFACE TO PART TWO:

Deciphering Our Body of Inscription … 245

CONTENTS TO PART TWO ....251

 

7.
MEANINGS REVEALED  BY OBJECT AND SURROUNDING DETAILS

Interpreting Context in More Detail ... 257

7.1 INTRODUCTION … 257

7.1.1 Reviewing The Methodology …..Review and more detailed discussion of the proper methodology……7.1.2 Discovered Words to Leverage More Words... The more is successfully deciphered the more is revealed and the deciphering accelerates.....7.1.3 Trial-and-Error and Denial of Past Studies.... Past attempts to decipher Venetic have been naive and unable to discontinue wrong directions....

7.2  THE SCIENCE OF DIRECT DECIPHERING OF VENETIC SENTENCES … 265

7.2.1  The Laws of Probability in Decisionmaking......The laws of probability and statistics, the bell curve, and the scientific requirement to always choose the solution that is not just possible but most probable...7.2.2 Decisionmaking is also Intuitive.... The more experience one has about the subject the more one acquires additional benefits of intuitive insights...7.2.3 Open-ended, like Archeological or Crime Scene Interpretation....This is not a linguistic or mathematical analysis but the making of hypotheses and the accumulation of evidence. As in archeology or detective work, there is no end to the accumulation of evidence, and hence nothing is final, but is open to refinement or modification....

7.3  SOME EXAMPLE INSCRIPTIONS IN MORE DETAIL … 274

7.3.1 Tapping into Human Nature....Human nature like physiology changes very slowly over tens of thousands of years. What changes in humankind is technology. Humans have the same nature today as they did at the time of the Veneti, and thus we can use our knowledge of human nature to determine the probable sentiments and expressions in the Venetic inscriptions....7.3.2. Approaching the Inscriptions Wholistically....To re-experience the situation in which ancient Veneti added writing to objects, we have to be able to place ourselves into the entire situation, the whole context.....7.3.3  Several Ordinary Non-Religious Objects...A closer look and analysis of several objects and their inscriptions and each have their own unique context...

7.4  PARALLEL INTERPRETING OF GRAMMAR: FIRST OBSERVATIONS … 295

7.4.1 Inferring Meanings of Grammatical Endings as Well.....Determining the meanings of grammatical endings is pursued in the same way as determining word stems and their meanings, except that it follows behind our observing what grammatical structure is needed for the sentences....7.4.2 Some Initial Observations of Frequent Grammatical Endings....Early discussion of major grammatical endings (The full grammar established by the end is found in Part Three)...7.4.3 Grammar and Linguistic Affliliation.....Grammar, as the structure of a language changes more slowly than word stems; thus even when two languages are millenia apart and word stem parallels are few, they may still show their common origins by similarities in general  grammatical structure

 

8.

OFFERINGS TO A GODDESS AT BARATELA

IN THE ESTE REGION

The Worship of  an Early Goddess … 305

8.1 INTRODUCTION … 305

8.1.1 Sanctuaries For Worshipping the Goddess….Archeological evidence shows that the Goddess Rhea was worshipped at parklike sanctuaries which involved burnt offerings…8.1.2 Evidence of Worship of Sea-Road Deity....Evidence of Rhea in ancient Europe well before the Romans and her origins possibly among long distance traders....8.1.3 Finding Rhea within re.i.tiia.i.....Contrary to past naive notions that there was a mystery goddess named “Reitia”, we find that she was the well known goddess Rhea and that the word re.i.tiia.i was actually based on the stem re.i.a modified for the required grammatical ending...8.1.4  Interpreting - mego dona.s.to  $a.i.nate.i. re.i.tiia.i. ....This phrase complete or in part is the general formula for the pilgrims who bring an offering to Rhea to address Rhea. This section analyzes this phrase....8.1.5   mego  .. analysis of mego....8.1.6  dona.s.to...analysis of dona.s.to....8.1.7    $a.i.nate.i. ....analysis of this word....8.1.8  re.i.tiia.i....as described in 8.1.3 ...8.1.9 ALL OF IT:  mego dona.s.to  ......$a.i.na te.i. re.i.tiia.i.

8.2 EXAMPLE ANALYSES  WITH RHEA .. 324

8.2.1 Introduction...The site of inscriptions to Rhea on styluses and bronze sheets from the Baratella sanctuary site near Este....8.2.2 Example Reitia Dedication1-Bronze Sheet....interpreting an inscription on a bronze sheet…..8.2.3 Example REIA Dedication 2: Bronze Sheet......interpreting another  inscription on a bronze sheet….8.2.4 Example REIA Dedication 3: Bronze Sheet.....interpreting a third inscription on a bronze sheet....8.2.5  Some Other Bronze Sheets More Briefly....a first look at several more prayers to Rhea

8.3 SUMMARY: VENETIC GODDESS MYSTERY SOLVED  … 339

....Summarizing the discoveries covered in this chapter

9.

THEMES OF CONVEYANCE TO THE HEAVENS

Venetic Cosmology: A Strong Concept of Eternity and Journeying Towards it. ... 341

.9.1 VENETIC WORLD-VIEW AND COSMOLOGY .. 341

9.1.1 Introduction.....Venetic appears to have a great deal of imagery of journeying which speaks of the origins of the language…9.1.2  Cosmology 1: A Universe of  Journeys....If Venetic culture had northern boat people origins it follows that the language would have inherited a world-view in which life and death were seen through the metaphor of boat-journeys...9.1.3 Cosmology 2: Spiritual Journey’s Heavenly Destinations.....Venetic inscriptions seem to repeat the idea of the deceased making a spirit journey into the afterlife and to join Goddess Rhea ..9.1.4 The Heavens and Earth/Ash….While the spirit flies up with the smoke, another part, represented by the ash, returns to the earth and this appears to be reflected in the word mo.l.to

9.2  INVESTIGATION OF WORDS OF JOURNEYS TO HEAVENS . 348

9.1.1 Introduction.....This identifies some major words in the light of the apparent cosmology and imagery….9.2.2  vo.l.t-  ‘sky-realm, heaven, universe-above’...Evidence of meaning for vo.l.t- words.....9.2.3  .i.io-  ‘eternity, infinity, eternal heaven’…..The meaning of Venetic use of “I” to describe extremes like forever, very far, very high etc and its psychological origins...9.2.4   Single Dotted Vowel as Stem for Levels of ‘BEING’ ( .u.   ‘inner being’,  .o. ‘being’, .a. ‘existing’, .e. ‘living’, .i. ‘continuing forever’).....Evidence that Venetic had different words for ‘being’ using a vowel surrounded by dots as the stem...9.2.4.1  The Deep/Inward Sense of Being – O…9.2.4.2   The Middle Sense of Being – E.... 9.2.4.3  The High Sense of Being – I .....9.2.4.4 Summary of the dotted initial vowel as a stem for being.....9.2.5  va.n.t-   ‘the direction of’ ....A word often used in conjunction with journeying ‘towards’ infinity....9.2.6  iiuva.n.t-   IVANT-   ‘eternal direction’…Adds prefix of infinite...9.2.7  .a.kut - ‘beginning’ ....Analysis  of its probable meaning...9.2.8  .u.r.kle - ‘oracle, diviner’.....How this word seems to be an alternative description of Rhea....9.2.9   leme  - ‘ingratiating, warm feelings’...Analysis of this meaning....9.2.10  ner.ka - ‘humble’.....Analysis of this meaning...9.2.11  mo.l.do-  ‘earth, ground, ash(?) .....Analysis of this meaning...9.2.12 Summary

 

10

THE “VII” WORDS OF CONVEYANCE AND TRANSPORT

Venetic Journey-oriented Worldview Reflected in Language... 378

10.1 INTRODUCTION … 378

10.1.1 Roots in Long Distance Boat Peoples?.....This chapter focuses on words of conveyance, transport, that can be referred to as “VII” words. May have originated in the northern boat peoples.....10. 1.2  Words for Water/Boat/Transport from a Psychological Point of View.....Possible origins of words pertaining to water in the psychology of sound....

10.2 EXAMPLES OF VII PATTERNS IN VENETIC  … 384

10.2.1 Introduction...The various ways in which ancient people described transportation and routes....10.2.2 Basic VII Examples...vise...v.i.etiana....vda.n. ...v.i.ugo....10.2.5  v.i.ug.ia,  v.i.ug. iia,  v.i.ug.siia ….10.2.6  v.i.o.u.go.n.ta  ... 10.2.7  v.i.rema ....10.2.8.  mno-  (m’no-) ….10.2.9  bo- ....10.2.10  Conclusion: Words of Conveyance and Transport....summarizing...

 

11.
ANALYSING THE INSCRIPTIONS BY CATEGORY OF OBJECT

Consistency of Meaning and Suitability to Context… 409

Introduction

....Summaries of the groupings assembled  for the Project listed  in Chapter2

 

11.1  Grouping #1  - INSCRIPTIONS WITH VARIED NON-RELIGOUS CONTEXT  … 415

11.1.1. Introduction to texts on Selected Isolated Inscriptions......11.1.2 Analysis to texts on Selected Isolated Inscriptions.....pueia...PIIS...augar....ituria makkno.s. ..voto   klutiiari.s.  vha.g.s.to ...lah.vnahvrot.a.h ...  .o.te.r.g   - OPTERG N ....  v.i.re.n.mo ...   (--?--)es(--?--)niiuikuru ...

 

11.2   Grouping #2  - MEMORIAL PEDESTALS WITH RELIEF IMAGES … 419

11.2.1  Introduction ...introduction to this grouping of objects...11.2.2  Analyses ... Investigation of the characteristics of this group...

 

11.3. Grouping #3 - OBELISQUES MARKING TOMB LOCATIONS… 425

11.3.1  Introduction: Interpretation of .e.go....More detailed discussion of the tomb markers and past silliness in interpreting...11.3.2  Analyses  of  Texts on Obelisques Marking Tombs ....Analyzing most of them and what revelations they offer...

 

11.4.  Grouping #4 - INFORMAL SENDOFFS ON ROUND STONES ON BOTTOM OF TOMBS … 439

11.4.1  Introduction: The Mysterious Round Stones.....found at the bottom of tombs at Pernumia  near Padua are a number of round river stones with writing on them...11.4.2  Analysis of the Texts on the Round Stones ....  mu.s.ta.i. ....  iiuvant v.i.ve.s.tin  iio.i. ...  ho.s.ti  havo.s.t   o.u.peio ...  pilpote.i.  k up  .rikon  .io.i.  ....  tivale.i. be.l. lene.i. ...  11.4.3 Conclusions about the Texts on the Round Stones  ...  All but one have similar messages-wishing the deceased fly out of the tomb into the heavens

 

11.5.  Grouping #5 - SENDOFFS ON VENETIC ERA CREMATION URNS (FIND ROMAN ERA URNS IN 10.b) … 447

11.5.1  Introduction: Finding Sentences Among Urn Fragments......Archeologists have found great numbers of remains of urns. Not all urns had writing on them. A great number are in fragments. Therefore the number of complete usable sentences was not large....11.5.2  Analysis of Cremation Urn Texts .... Looking at those in the Venetic alphabet ... [v]oltio.m.nio.i. .... v.i.rutana.i ...  .a.kutna.i  ...  v.i.ugia.i. mu.s.ki  a.l.na.i. ...  mo.l.dona.i.  $o.i. ...  va.n.t.s. .a.v.i.ro.i.  ...  va.n.te.i  v.i.o.u.go.n.tio.i.  .e.go  ...   lemeto.i.  .u.r.kleiio.i.  ...  .u.kona g alkno.s. ...  .u.ko.e..n.non.s. ...    .a.tta  ...  [   .]m.mno.i. vo.l.tiiom.mniio.i ... 11.5.3  Conclusions for Cremation Urn Texts ...  Messages in the early Venetic period are individualistic and varied and proper sentences. They all have the same purpose – to address the circumstances of the death of a loved one

 

 

 

11.6.  Grouping #6 -PRAYERS TO THE GODDESS ON THIN FOIL SHEETS … 452

11.6.1  Introduction: The texts on the Bronze Sheets ....At sanctuaries dedicated to the goddess Rhea, pilgrims came to make offerings to her and used styluses to write prayers to Rhea onto thin sheets of bronze. Few bronze sheets survive, but there are many more styluses with inscriptions on them ....11.6.2  Analysis of the texts on the Bronze Sheets ...   vda.m. v.i.ugia .u.r.kle.i.na| re.i.tie.i. dona.s.to ...  mego dona.s.to .e.b. v.i.aba.i. $a pora.i. .o.p iorobo.s. ...  mego  dona.s.to  vo.l.tiiomno.s.  iiuva.n.t.s.  . a.riiun.s.   $a.i.nate.i.  re.i.tiia.i. ...  vda.n. vo.l.tiio.n.mno.s. dona.s.to ke la.g.s.to $a.i.nate.i. re.i.tiia.i.  o.p vo.l.tiio leno ...  mego  dona.s.to   va.n.t.s.  mo.l.don  ke .o.  kara.n.mn.s.  re.i.tiia.i. ... mego  lemetore.i.   v.i.ratere.i.  dona.s.to  bo  .i.iio.s.  vo.l.tiio.  m.mno.i  ...   vda.n  dona.s.to  v.i.rema  v.i.rema.i.s.t--  re.i.tiia.i.   o.p   vo.l.tiio  leno  ...  11.6.3  Conclusions for the texts on the Bronze Sheets  ...  the messages on the bronze sheets are similar to those on the styluses and both address the goddess Rhea and state that offerings have been brought that are being sent to the goddess by releasing its essence into the air via smoke

 

11.7 Grouping #7 - PRAYERS TO THE GODDESS ON STYLUSES … 458

11.7.1  Introduction: The texts on the Styluses ... A large quantity of styluses have been found at the sanctuary but only some have writing on them. Possibly the styluses were borrowed by pilgrims and then left behind after the ceremony ....11.7.2  Analysis: The texts on the Styluses  ...  vda.n  dona.s.to   re.i.tiia.i    v.i.etiana  .o.tnia ...  v.i.o.u.go.n.ta  lemeto.r.na .e. b.  ...  mego  doto  v.i.ogo.n.ta  mo.l.dna  .e.b. ...  v.i.o.u.go.n.tai  .v.i.o.u.go.n.tna   dona.s.to   re.i.tiia.i.  ...  mego  dona.s.to  re.i.tiia.i.   ner.ka   lemeto.r.na  ...  mego doto  v.i.u.g.siia  votna  $a.i.nate.i  re.i.tiia.i   o.p  vo.l.tiio  leno ...  v.i.ugiia   so.u.v.na   ton.a.s.to   re.i.tiia  ...  v.i.ugia  v.i.rema.i.s.tna.i.  doto  re.i.tia.i.  ...  v.i.rema.i..s.tna   doto   re.i.tiia.i.  ...  mego   doto  v.e.r.ko.n.darna   ne.r.ka.i. m ...  mego  dona.s.to  $a.i.nate.i.  re.i.tiia.i.  pora.i.  .e.getora- .r.i.mo.i.   ke   lo.u.de- robo.s. ... vda.n.   v.i.ugia   .u.r.kle.i.na   re.i.tie.i.   dona.s.to  ...  v.i.u.g.siia  vo.l.tiio.n.mnin   dona.s.to   r.i.tiia.i.   mego  ...  ka.n.ta ruma.n[.]na dona.s.to re.i.tia.n ...  n(=m)ego (do)na.s.to ka.n.ta ruman re.i.tiia.i. ...  re.i.tii  katakna  lo.g.sii  v.i.rema.i..s.tna ...  mego   a(=v)hugiia    dina.s.to    re.i.tiia.i. ...  mego  dona.s.to  v.i.ugiia  v.i.o.u.go.n.tiia  ka  $a.i.n. $. $e.i. re.i.tiia.i. ...  vda.n.  ka.n.ta mnkna   dona.s.to   re.i.tiia.i.  ...  11.7.3  Conclusions: The texts on the Styluses ... inscriptions are not on all styluses, since styluses were used to write onto bronze sheets; but perhaps styluses with inscriptions already on them were for those pilgrims who did not know how to write. Messages are exactly the same as on bronze sheets – addressing Rhea

 

11.8 Grouping #8 - PRAYERS ON OTHER OBJECTS RELATED TO OFFERINGS  … 468

11.8.1  Introduction: The texts on Other Sanctuary Objects ....  There were two columns with equestrian figures at the Baratela sanctuary with the following longer inscriptions. The message is similar to what is on the styluses and bronze sheets ....11.8.2  Analysis: The texts on Other Sanctuary Objects ... mego  dona.s.to  ka.n.te.s.   vo.t.te.i.   iio.s.  .a.kut.s.  $a.i.nate.i.   re.i.tiia.i.  ...  mego  va.n.t.s.  e.ge.s.t.s    dona.s.to  re.i.tia.i  ...  mo.l.dobo.i.  k   no.s. dona.s.to  ...  11.8.2  Conclusions: The texts on Other Sanctuary Objects  ... Were these other objects fixtures at the site?...

 

 

11.9 GROUPING #9. - SEVERAL  ISOLATED  LONG INSCRIPTIONS… 470

11.9.1  Introduction: The texts on  Other Isolated Objects ..... There are a few long inscriptions, that cannot be grouped with any of the groupings above, but we will discover their purpose in their content .... 11.9.2  Analysis: The texts on  Other Isolated Objects ... 9A - ISOLATED FINDS IN MAIN REGION – RELIGIOUS IN MY VIEW  ..... Both are religious in nature and probably originally marked tombs ...  9B – MIDDLE PIAVE VALLEY LONG INSCRIPTIONS – NON-RELIGIOUS IN MY ANALYSIS .... These appear non-religious and the content suggests they came from taverns along the Piave Valley trade route and had a dialect closer to the east Baltic dialect at the north end of the route

 

11.10. GROUPING #10. - LATER INSCRIPTIONS WITH ROMANIZATION AND OTHER CHANGES … 479

11.10.1  Introduction .... represents three  separate groups because –with the exception of a few early inscriptions – these do not integrate well into the analysis of majority of Venetic inscriptions from the proper original Venetic period and northwest Adriatic location. Since they do not participate significantly in our methodology, we will leave detailed discussion of them to Appendix  .....  11.10-A :  GROUPING #10A. -The Changing Dialect of the Lagole Inscriptions ... List of complete sentences and  General Analysis (more detailed analysis in Appendix) ...  11.10-B:    GROUPING #10B. - Roman Alphabet Cremation Urn Inscriptions – Abbreviatons, Non-sentences. .... List of Roman alphabet urn inscriptions in several categories – For closer study of these texts, see Appendix ...11.10-C:   GROUPING #10C. - A Few Examples of Inscriptions Elsewhere in Europe ... These are simply a few discoveries of ancient writing from elsewhere that appear to be close to Venetic and tend to confirm the lingua franca of long distrance trade was a dialect of  Venetic ...  10c-1. RHAETIAN HUNTING HORNS …. We looked for words related to hunting as these would relate to context … 10c-2. BRITTANY GRAVE MARKERS  … I scanned the internet for grave markers from the Roman era or before that might still show Venetic and found a few …10c-3. WALES GRAVE MARKER MESSAGE  …I scanned the internet for very old grave markers and found the Finnic word for ‘remember’ (as in Latin in memorium) several times … This search was not extensive and done only to see if the Veneti named peoples elsewhere in Europe had the same language – the answer is Yes…

 

11.11. GROUPING #11. – MISCELLANEOUS ADDITIONS … 495

11.11.1  Introduction ...  This category is intended as a place to add more as I came across them. Archeology and museums may certainly have more that are recently found, not documented, that did not find their way into this project. There are two in this category and more may be added as I come across them

 

.  11.12 SUMMARY TO ANALYSING BY GROUPINGS … 496

11.2  The Pursuit of Repeatability  ... This scientific principle constantly followed is repeatability. The  same kind of object in the same context would tend to, most of the time, have the same kind of message on them

PART THREE: SUMMARY. LEXICON, AND GRAMMAR

A Summary of the Results of the Project

Discoveries and Decisions made and the Lexicon and Grammar determined, and comparisons to Finnic  … 497

PREFACE TO PART THREE:

The Final Results: Description of the Language as Discovered … 499

CONTENTS TO PART THREE ... 503

 

12.

- PROJECT RESULTS -

1. SUMMARY OF TRANSLATIONS

An Evaluation of the Results... 509

12.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MEANINGS … 509

12.1.1 A Summary of the Methodology of Deciphering UNKNOWN, Languages   ….    A review of the principle of interpreting the inscriptions directly using context as revealed by archeology, situation within partial translations, and cross-checking with all inscriptions studied …  12.1.2 The Importance of the Results For Assessing the Truth …  A reminder of the laws of probability and statistics that require that resulting meanings must not only be possible but also most probable … 12.1.3 Similar Thmes, Sentiments, within Categories of Object  … a reminder that the messages within a single category of objects (obelisques, cremation urns, styluses, etc) must be similar according to laws of probability.  Strange results are probably false even if such a sentiment is possible.

 

12.2  THE INTEPRETATIONS IN SUMMARY  … 519

(From the sentences assembled for the project and listed in Chapter 2. All are subject to improvement with more insights and data)

SUMMARY: Grouping #1  - INSCRIPTIONS WITH VARIED NON-RELIGOUS CONTEXT  ...  The final decided translations for the inscriptions in Grouping #1  ...SUMMARY-Grouping #2  - MEMORIAL PEDESTALS WITH RELIEF IMAGES   ...  the final decided translations for the inscriptions with pictures and repetition of .e.cupetari.s. ...  Summary: Grouping #3 - OBELISQUES MARKING TOMB LOCATIONS  ...   the final decided translations for the inscriptions on obelisques that  marked tomb locations  ...  Summary: Grouping #4 - INFORMAL SENDOFFS ON ROUND STONES ON BOTTOM OF TOMBS ...    the final decided translations for the inscriptions on round river stones left at the bottom of tombs at Pernumia  ...  Summary: Grouping #5 - SENDOFFS ON VENETIC ERA CREMATION URNS (FIND ROMAN ERA URNS IN 10.b)  ...  the final decided translations for the inscriptions on cremation urns in the Venetic alphabet in the proper Venetic period ...  Summary: Grouping #6 -PRAYERS TO THE GODDESS ON THIN FOIL SHEETS  ...   the final decided translations for the inscriptions on bronze sheets that address the goddess Rhea ... Summary: Grouping #7 - PRAYERS TO THE GODDESS ON STYLUSES ... the final decided translations for the inscriptions on styluses that address the goddess Rhea ... Summary: Grouping #8 - PRAYERS ON OTHER OBJECTS RELATED TO OFFERINGS ... the final decided translations for the inscriptions on a couple of pedestals that address the goddess Rhea ... Summary: Grouping #9. - SEVERAL  ISOLATED  LONG INSCRIPTIONS  ...  the final decided translations on a couple of funerary inscriptions on other objects .... Summary: GROUPING #10A. -The Changing Dialect of the Lagole Inscriptions  ...  final interpretations of the Lagole materials of a seeming spa or sauna facility on the Piave trade route (More detail in appendix) that seems to begin with traditional Venetic and then becomes compromised by Latin and perhaps other languages ... Summary: GROUPING #10B. - Roman Alphabet Cremation Urn Inscriptions – Abbreviatons, Non-sentences. Done in the Roman alphabet, they show a deterioration of Venetic as well as the adopting of Roman funerary writing. There are few actual sentences, too many abbreviations, and deviations from the original Venetic spellings, to do more than make general observations of these. ... Summary: GROUPING #10C. - A Few Examples of Inscriptions Elsewhere in Europe ... final interpretations of these miscellaneous inscriptions found by casual scanning of internet for Roman and preRoman era writings .... 10c-1. RHAETIAN HUNTING HORNS ...Messages appropriate for hunting ...  10c-2. BRITTANY GRAVE MARKERS  evidence of the Venetic versions of sentiments that Romans expressed with “in memorium” and  “rest, remain”  … 10c-3. WALES GRAVE MARKER MESSAGE  …  some inscriptions grave markers that are single words that say “to remember” ...

 

13.

A SMALL LEXICON OF VENETIC WORDS

A Summary of Words  Deciphered From the Direct Analysis of the Inscriptions  …573

 

13.1  INTRODUCTION TO THE LEXICON  … 573

13.1.1 Bad Analysis Avoids Explicit Interpretations  ... past analysis has beat around the bush- lots of discussion and vagueness and little committment to an actual transation ... Review of what scientific approaches require ...13.1.2  How the Lexicon Was Determined ... a summary of the methodology demonstrated in detail in Part One and Two. ... 13.1.3  The Lexicon .... An overview of what is presented and how the words are grouped according to most frequent words most strongly revealed directly from the context and progressing to words which may be equally correct but there is less evidence to support the choices made ...

 

13.2. THE LEXICON 

PART ONE:  FROM MAIN INSCRIPTIONS  AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TRADE ROUTE FROM THE JUTLAND PENINSULA … 577

....The words accompanied by interpretation and some brief notes presented in order of importance and certainty...

 

13.3 THE LEXICON

PART TWO: THE  LAGOLE DIALECT: AFFINITY WITH ANCIENT TRADER ESTONIAN … 599

... The words appearing  in the “sanctuary of Lagole-Calalzo”  that may or may have compromised words or words from another dialect than traditional Venetic ..

 

 

13.4  THE LEXICON

PART THREE: ROMAN ALPHABET URN INSCRIPTIONS …604

A collection of words that appear in Roman alphabet on later Roman era words. Some may be traditional Venetic, but there are Latin borrowings, and some words may have changed a little ...

 

13.5 THE LEXICON

PART FOUR: ROMAN ALPHABET IN SCRIPTIONS IN RHAETIA, BRITTANY, AND WALES…608

 ... The several words that appear on Rhaetian Hunting horns,  on gravestones in Brittany and Wales in early Roman times ...

 

13.6  CONCLUSIONS ON LEXICONS … 610

.... Reminder that there was dialectic variation in Venetic and the Venetic writing was pure phonetic that captured dialectic changes (unlike more developed languages where words became standardized in form even if they were pronounced differently from place to place – like modern English)

 

14.

VENETIC GRAMMAR

Consistent Patterns on Endings,  and Similarities with Finnic Grammars …611

 

14.1 INTRODUCTION… 611

14.1.1 How Venetic Grammar was Discovered  ... A review of how grammatical endings were determined in an analogous way to how word stems were determined since grammatical endings are like short often-used words ... 14.1.2  Basic Characteristics of Finnic Languages  .... Since Venetic will be compared to Finnic, this section gives the reader a summary of characteristics of Finnic languages ...

 

14.2  VENETIC GRAMMAR…617

14.2.1  VENETIC CASE ENDINGS…617

14.2.1.1. Static vs  Dynamic Interpretations of Some Case Endings

14.2.1.2. Introduction to Est./Finn. Case Endings and the Presence of these Case Endings in Venetic.

14.2.1.3. Nominative Case

14.2.1.4. Partitive Case  -v.i.  ‘part of; becoming part of’

14.2.1.5.   “Iiative” Infix  -ii- ‘extremely (fast or far or large)’

14.2.1.6.  Inessive Case  -v.s. ‘in; into’  (In dynamic meaning equivalent to Illative)

14.2.1.7.    Elative  Case  - v.s.t  ‘arising from; out of’ 

14.2.1.12. Ablative -.l.t  ‘out of (location of)’

Table 14.2 – Venetic Case Endings Compared to Est. and Finn.

14.2.1.13.   Other Possible Case Endings, Suffixes Suggested from Estonian Derivational Suffixes

14.2.2  POSTPOSITIONS, PREPOSITIONS, ADJECTIVAL MODIFIERS…638

14.2.2.1. Postpositions and Prepositions

14.2.3  PRONOUNS … 642

14.2.3.1. Personal Pronouns

14.2.3.2. Possessive Pronoun Suffixes

14.2.4  VERBS … 644

14.2.4.1. General
14.2.4.2 Imperative
14.2.4.3 Infinitive

14.2.4.4  Present Indicative

14.2.4.5  Active and Passive Past Participle  -na, -to

14.2.4.6  Present Participle(?)

14.2.4.7  Active Present Gerund

14.2.4.8  Other Complex Verb Forms

14.2.5 Observations Regarding  Finnic Evolution…651

Offering a theory that there developed seagoing traders across the northern seas dominated by a Finnic ancestral to Estonian, and the west Baltic developed a dialect from the influence of Indo-European farming peoples that was higher and more strongly palatalized which we could call Suebic, and that the Venetic dialect in the main inscriptions developed mostly from the latter

 

15.

  EXPANDING THE  LEXICON

AND CREATING  NEW SENTENCES

Inferring additional ideas from the results … 653

 

15.1  INTRODUCTION: APPLYING THE RESULTS … 653

15.1.1 Inferring More About Grammar and Words and Expanding the Vocabulary ... when there are plenty of words and grammar, it should be possible to generate new sentences ...  15.1.2  (NOUNS) EXPANDING LEXICON VIA CASE ENDINGS ... with tables a review of major grammatical endings that can be used to create words by adding them to noun stems..15.1.2  (VERBS) EXPANDING LEXICON VIA VERB ENDINGS ....with tables a review of major grammatical endings that can be used to create words by adding them to verb stems.

15.2  MAIN LEXICON EXPANDED WITH SELECTED GRAMMATICAL POSSIBILITIES AND ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY … 657

NOTES ON EXPLORING THE POSSIBILITIES AND EXPANDING THE LEXICON  .... EXAMPLE APPLYING MOST PROBABLE POSSIBILITIES  .... example expansion of the verb leno to demonstrate what verb forms are possible based on our grammar reconstruction...  example of forms if leno is viewed as nominal ...

Note: The Leno expansions are used as a template  …658

A SELECTED EXPANDED LEXICON  CREATED BY ADDING GRAMMATICAL ENDINGS TO STEMS ...

... proceeding alphabetically through the main lexicon, and using the leno example as a template we add endings to all the word stems in the lexicon to explicitly show the resulting word phrases.  This is done because the English reader will not be familiar with the type of language that adds numerous endings to stems often agglutinatively (an ending can be attached to another ending)  Note some of the expansions are educated quesses that may not have really been used. Also note that languages develop a popular usage and just because certain forms are possible does not mean they will be used, thus these expansions only show what might be possible and not what actually existed in actual usage in ancient times. 

 

15.3  A BRIEF DISCUSSION ABOUT CREATING   NEW SENTENCES FROM VENETIC STEMS AND GRAMMAR … 717

INTRODUCTION  ... discussion of how to approach generating new original sentences .... NEW SENTENCES INSPIRED BY EXAMPLES IN  THE BODY OF INSCRIPTIONS ... starting with simple actual examples and the imperative, we begin wandering into the realm of sentence creation in a way that begins simple and becomes increasingly involved ..

 

15.4  POTENTIALS FOR INVENTION…731

Given that a real language can borrow words from another language, it is possible to borrow words into Venetic, and then apply Venetic grammar to them, thus inventing more words. For example we could borrow “computer” and pronounce it “kampeter” or similar and add endings to it.

 

16.  

THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE WITH RESPECT TO ANCIENT VENETI

Reducing the Confusion of Several Ethnicities … 733

 

16.1 BY WAY OF SUMMARY… 733

16.1.1 Introduction  ... looking at “Veneti” named peoples as a whole in Roman and pre-Roman times and how they could have been linked to each other in long distant trade much like Phoenician and Greek traders were ... and how all these pre-Roman long distance traders assimilated into Latin and other languages in the Roman and post-Roman period so as to produce historical texts from the post-Roman period that suggests the continuing “Veneti” were Latin, Slavic, Germanic, Celtic  and thereby creating confusion about their ethnicity.  ....

 

16.2  THE WORLD OF OPPOSITION TO A FINNIC VENETI … 738

16.2.1 Pure and Naive Beginnings ...  A brief account of how I embarked on the project out of pure interest, outside the realm of academic institutions.... 16.2.2   Hysterical Opposition to Venetic being Finnic .... Because certain views about the ancient Veneti are deeply entrenched in and out of the academic world, my perspective basically discredits everything that has been done before, and that upsets those who have vested considerable time and energy embracing one of the traditional perspectives. ... 16.2.3  Real versus Artificial Language  .... When the methodology orients all interpretations to the original texts and contexts, then it prevents the tradtitional opposite approach where the interpretations are enslaved to the imagination of the analyst resulting in something more or less like hearing sentences in the sounds of winds or repeated noises of moving trains or birds. When the imagination gets out of control and the analysis pays less and less attention to what the inscriptions suggest directly, then the language becomes increasingly an invention and not reflective of the real Venetic,

                                                                                                                                                                                          

 

APPENDIXES  … 745

CONTENTS TO APPENDIXES ....747

 

 

APPENDIX 1… 751

Some References 

 ... Since this project follows a completely different methodology that finds Venetic was not Indo-European, very little of the Indo-European approach to Venetic was usable.  All that was applicable were the cataloguing of the inscriptions in two publications - G.B. Pellegrini & A.L.Prosdocimi, La lingua venetica, I: Le iscrizioni, II: Studi, Padova, Istituto di Glottologia, 1967  (includes graphics and photos)  and  M. Lejeune  Manuel de la Langue Vénète , 1974 (text only

 

APPENDIX 2…753

PRONUNCIATION USING ROMAN ALPHABET PHONETICS AND OTHER WORD REPRESENTATIONS USED

Linguistics has created various phonetic alphabets; however it is not necessary to describe words in terms of detailed sounds, since dialects will cause variations. The Roman alphabet phonetics, as in the pronunciation in Latin, is sufficent to represent the sounds of Venetic words and anything hypothetical.

 

APPENDIX 3 … 759

THE VENETIC LANGUAGE:

SUPPLEMENTARY ARTICLE

LAGOLE  DIALECT

AT A SPA FOR MERCHANT TRAVELLERS?

The main body of this study gives an abbreviated version of our study of the inscriptions in a site found in the upper Piave River regions. These inscriptions begin in the later Venetic period and then proceed into the Roman period.

 

APPENDIX 4…781

THE VENETIC LANGUAGE:

SUPPLEMENTARY ARTICLE

SEND-OFFS ON

CREMATION URNS

PART ONE: THE TRUE VENETIC PERIOD  .... analysis of early urns with inscriptions using the Venetic alphabet ....PART TWO: COMPROMISED/DEGENERATED VENETIC IN ROMAN ALPHABET  ... as the Roman Empire took over the Veneti regions, Latin language and customs gradually replaced the original Venetic and these inscriptions in the Roman alphabet have limited usefulness .

.APPENDIX 5 … 807

THE VENETIC LANGUAGE:

SUPPLEMENTARY ARTICLE

OTHER

INSCRIPTIONS HERE

 AND ELSEWHERE

The main body of this study gives an abbreviated version of our study of other inscriptions that lie outside of the regions of most of the inscriptions that were deciphered. As we go outside the region we get into areas with different dialects but where there are still some examples that indicate a Finnic-type language as we would expect if the pre-Roman trade world used a Finnic lingua franca (see Appendix 6 for a detailed exploration of the evidence that ancient European trade originated with the northern boat peoples.

________________________________

 

APPENDIX 6…827

 Northern Boat-people Origins of Bronze Age Long Distance Trade Networks

PREFACE

The New Archeological Knowledge that Places Ancient Veneti as Long Distance Traders Like Phoenicians and Greek Traders in the Mediterranean … 829

BK1.

THE ANCIENT EUROPE

 TO THE NORTH 

On the Possibility of Northern Trader Origins of the Venetic Language… 837

 

BK1.1  Introduction:  Ancient Trading Peoples of Northern Europe …837

..BK1.1.1  Europe at the Time of the Veneti (ie, before the Roman Era) … BK.1.1.2  Trade Systems Defined the Larger Social Order  …  BK.1.1.3  Influences on Venetic From North-South Trade with Germania? … BK.1.1.4  Linguistic/Cultural Replacement Through Large Scale Militaristic Conquest (in Roman style) … BK.1.1.5  The  Very Real Possibility of Influence on Adriatic Venetic Language from Ancient Suebic of Germania… BK.1.1.6  Languages at Baltic Amber Sources – Suebic and Aestic Language  Zones

 

BK.1.2 Tacitus’ Germania of the 1^st Century … 859

BK.1.2.1 Origins of Germanic Language?  … BK.1.2.3 Tacitus Describes Suebi of the Jutland Peninusla … BK.1.2.4.  Traders of the Veneti Tradition … BK.1.2.5  Interior Oder Valley League … BK.1.2.6 Economic Confederation at Vistula Mouth … BK.1.2.7 The East Baltic Coastal Peoples … BK.1.2.8 Towards the Interior, From up the Vistula …

 

BK.1.3 Conclusions … 881

 

BK.2.

 BOAT PEOPLES ACROSS THE NORTH 

The Obviousness of Portions of Finnic Boat Peoples Progressing into Traders … 885

BK.2.1  Introduction: The Untold Story of the North … 885

BK.2.1.1 The Development of aisolavicentinatext.jpg Water-Oriented Hunter Gatherer … BK.2.1.2  The Inventing of the Boat & Contributing to Civilization …  BK.2.1.3   Connections Between “Finn” and “Eneti/Veneti” names? …

 

BK.2.2 The Distribution of the Language of the Northern Traders towards the South and Across the North … 903

BK.2.2.1   North-south Trade and the Eneti/Veneti Name in Southeast Europe in Ancient History …  BK.2.2.2   East-West Trade in the North Continues to Develop.  …

BK.2.3 Linguistic Considerations … 910

BK.2.3.1  The Convergence Problem and Pidgin Languages  …  BK.2.3.2 Different Rates of Linguistic Change … 

BK.2.4 Conclusions:Aboriginals in the Story of European Civilization 919

 

BK.3.

AMBER, FURS, AND TIN:

NORTH-SOUTH TRADE  IN ANCIENT EUROPE … 921

 

BK.3.1 Introduction:The Development of “Shipper-Trader”Profession 921

BK.3.1.1 Introduction  …  BK.3.1.2 Ancient Historical References to “Eneti/Veneti” …

BK.3.2  Envisioning the ‘Truckers’ of Ancient Europe … 926

BK.3.2.1 A Far-ranging Brotherhood of Shippers/Truckers ...  BK.3.2.2 Origins of the Veneti Name ...  BK.3.2.2 Amber Shipper-traders ...

 

BK.3.3 Amber as a Major Driving Force for Early North-South Trade…932

 BK.3.3.1 The Interpreting of Amber Finds in Archeology ...  BK.3.3.2  The Eastern Amber Route to Bablyon ...   BK.3.3.3  The Middle and Western Amber Routes  ...  BK.3.3.4  The Danubian Traders: Pelasgi? ...  BK.3.3.5  The Eneti/Veneti Originate with Amber Trade? ...  BK.3.3.6  The Amber trails as revealing Markers of European Trade ...  BK.3.3.7  Britain and the Atlantic

 

BK.3.4 On the Question of Trade Languages …948

BK.3.4.1 Language if a Tool, not a Genetic Quality ... BK.3.4.2 European Large Scale  Languages Around the Time of the Veneti  ... BK.3.4.3 Large Scale Languages Observed by Romans ...

 

BK.3.5 Some Final Words about Venetic Amber

 BK.3.5.1 Amber and its Name in the Ancient Texts … BK.3.5.2 Amber: The Amber Word in the Venetic Inscriptions? ...

 BK.3.6

Summary

 You are welcome to download this book . There is no charge for the pdf file at this time. Inform your colleagues if you believe this is a worthwhile addition to the investigation of ancient Venetic peoples. Feedback welcome. This book includes and replaces all previous publishing by me on this subject. -- Author   Jan, 2014

 

DOWNLOAD "THE VENETIC LANGUAGE"  …  pdf - 13 MG